Description
Reconnecting rivers with their floodplains is a green infrastructure approach that focuses on removing barriers along the edges of the river. This allows the river to re-establish its natural course over time, eventually connecting it to its historical floodplain, or creating a new one. It can include removal or setting back of levees, raising of a deeply engraved riverbed, or expanding a river’s bank. Faster solutions include manually restoring (by digging) the river close to its original form, and establish human made connections between the river and its original floodplain wetlands.
Type of NBS
Design and management of new ecosystems
Level
Restoration and creation of semi-natural water bodies and hydrographic networks
Approaches
- 1 Climate adaptation approaches
- 2 Ecosystem based adaptation
- 3 Ecosystem based management
- 4 Ecosystem based mitigation
- 5 Ecosystem based disaster risk reduction
- 6 Ecological engineering
- 7 Ecological restoration
- 8 Natural resources management
Challenges
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1 Carbon removed or stored in vegetation and soil | kg/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.2 Avoided greenhouse gas emissions from reduced building energy consumption | t CO2e/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.3 TXx, Monthly mean value of daily maximum temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.4 TNn, Monthly mean value of daily minimum temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.5 Heatwave Incidence | No./y | Outcome-based indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 2.1 Carbon storage and sequestration in vegetation | ||
| 2.1.1 Carbon storage and sequestration in vegetation per unit area per unit time | kg/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.2 Carbon storage and sequestration in vegetation – annual determination | kg/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.3 Total Leaf Area | m2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.4 Carbon Storage Score | kg/day | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.5 Measured soil carbon content | ton/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.6 Modelled carbon content of the upper soil layer | ton/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.7 Soil carbon decomposition rate | % p.a. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.2 Energy use savings due to green infrastructure implementation | kWh/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.3 Estimated carbon emissions reduction from building energy saving - cooling | t CO2e/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.4 Energy and CO2 emissions savings from reduced volume of water entering sewers | t CO2e/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.5 Soil Temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.6 Total surface area of wetlands | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.7 Surface area of restored and/or created wetlands | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.8 Aboveground tree biomass | t/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9 Human Comfort | ||
| 2.9.1 Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9.2 Thermal Comfort Score (TCS) | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9.3 Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9.4 Predicted Mean Vote-Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PMV-PPD) | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10 Urban Heat Island Effect | ||
| 2.10.1 Urban Heat Island (UHI) incidence | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10.2 Number of combined tropical nights and hot days | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10.3 Thermal Storage Score | J | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10.4 Thermal Load Score | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.11 Estimated reduction in peak summer temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.12 Maximum surface cooling | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.13 Mean or peak daytime temperature | ||
| 2.13.1 Mean or peak daytime temperature - Direct temperature measurement | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.13.2 Mean or peak daytime temperature - Temperature modelling | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.14 Daily Temperature Range (DTR) | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.15 Cooling of ambient air | ||
| 2.15.1 Air cooling | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.15.2 Air temperature reduction | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.16 Tree shade for local heat reduction | m2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.17 Rate of evapotranspiration | mm/day | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.18 Land surface temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.19 Surface reflectance - Albedo | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.20 Estimated carbon emissions from vehicle traffic | tC/y | Outcome-based indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 3.13 Surface runoff in relation to precipitation quantity | mm/% | Outcome-based indicators |
| 3.14 Water Quality – general urban | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 3.15 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) content | mg/L | Outcome-based indicators |
| 3.16 Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration or load | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 3.17 Metal concentration or load | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 3.18 Total faecal coliform bacteria | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 4.13 Measured infiltration rate and capacity | % or mm/h and mm/d | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.14 Calculated infiltration rate and capacity | % or mm/h and mm/d | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.15 Evapotranspiration rate | mm/m2 day | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.16 Peak flow variation | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.17 Flood peak reduction and delay | % and h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.18 Height of flood peak and time to flood peak measurement | m3/s and h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.19 Flood excess volume (FEV) | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.20 Rainfall interception rate of NBS | mm/h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.21 Runoff rate for different rainfall events | m3/s | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.22 Run-Off Score | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.23 Rainfall storage capacity of NBS | mm/% | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.24 Quantitative status of groundwater | Good or Poor | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.25 Depth to groundwater | m | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.26 Groundwater chemical status | Good or Poor | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.27 Trend in piezometric levels (TPL) | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.28 Groundwater exploitation index (GEI) | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.29 Aquifer surface ratio with excessive nitrate | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.30 Aquifer surface ratio with excessive arsenic | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.31 Water availability for irrigation purposes | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.32 Water Exploitation Index | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.33 Water dependency for food production | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.34 Calculated drinking water provision | m3/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.35 Net surface water availability | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.36 Volume of water removed from water treatment system | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.37 Volume of water slowed down entering sewer system | m3/s | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.38 Total surface area of wetlands within a defined area | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.39 Total surface area of restored and/or created wetlands | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.40 Soil water saturation | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.41 Soil water retention capacity | m3/m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.42 Stemflow rate | mm/h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.43 Percolation rate under different rainfall events | mm/d | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.44 Dissolved oxygen (DO) content of NBS effluents | mg/L | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.45 Eutrophication | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.46 pH of NBS effluents | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.47 Electrical conductivity of NBS effluents | μS/cm | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.48 Water Framework Directive: Physico-chemical quality of surface waters | High, Good, Moderate, Poor, Bad | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.49 Total pollutant discharge to local waterbodies | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.50 Water Quality: basic physical parameters | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.51 Total polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of NBS effluents | ng/L | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.52 Total organic carbon (TOC) content of NBS effluents | mg/L C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.53 General ecological status of surface waters | High, Good, Moderate, Poor, Bad | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.54 Ecological potential for heavily modified or artificial water bodies | Maximum, Good, Moderate, Poor, Bad | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.55 Biological quality of surface waters | High, Good, Moderate, Poor, Bad | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.56 Total number and species richness of aquatic macroinvertebrates | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.57 Morphological Quality Index (MQI) | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.58 Hydromorphological quality of surface waters | High, Good, Moderate, Poor, Bad | Outcome-based indicators |
| 4.59 Fluvial Functionality Index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Target 6.3
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Target 6.4
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Target 6.5
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
Target 6.6
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
Target 6.a
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
Target 6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
Responsible Consumption and Production. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Target 12.8
By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
Indicator 12.8.1: Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development (including climate change education) are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life below water. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development
Target 14.c
Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want
Indicator 14.c.1: Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 5.13 Disaster Resilience | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 5.14 Disaster-risk informed development | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 5.15 Mean annual direct and indirect losses due to natural and climate hazards | € | Outcome-based indicators |
| 5.16 Risk to critical urban infrastructure | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 5.17 Mean number of people adversely affected by natural disasters each year | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 5.18 Multi-hazard early warning | unitless | Structural indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 6.13 Potential areas exposed to risks | ||
| 6.13.1 Urban/residential areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.13.2 Productive areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.14 Natural areas, sites of community importance and special protection areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15 Potential population exposed to risks | ||
| 6.15.1 Inhabitants | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15.2 Area and population exposed to flooding | ha and No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15.3 Other people (workers, tourists, homeless) | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15.4 Elderly, children, disabled | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.16 Population Vulnerable to Risks | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.17 Potential buildings exposed to risks | ||
| 6.17.1 Housing | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.17.2 Agricultural and industrial buildings | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.17.3 Strategic Buildings (Hospitals, schools, etc.) | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.18 Potential infrastructures exposed to risks | ||
| 6.18.1 Roads | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.18.2 Railways | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.18.3 Lifelines | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.19 Potential infrastructures vulnerable to risks | ||
| 6.19.1 Buildings | Νο/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.19.2 Transportation infrastructures and lifelines | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.20 Insurance against catastrophic events | % | Process focused indicators |
| 6.21 Flood hazard | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.22 Flooded area | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.23 Height of flood peak and time to flood peak | m3/s and h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.24 Peak flow rate | m3/s and h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.25 Peak flood volume | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.26 Flood excess volume | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.27 Moisture index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.28 Flammability index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.29 Soil Type | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 6.30 Soil strength | kPa | Structural indicators |
| 6.31 Soil temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.32 Level of Groundwater Table | m below ground surface | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.33 Shallow landslide risk – slope stability factor of safety | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.34 Landslide safety factor | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.35 Landslide risk – History of instability on site | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 6.36 Occurred landslide area | % | Structural indicators |
| 6.37 Landslide risk – Digital elevation/terrain modelling | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.38 Soil mass movement | kg/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.39 Velocity of occurred landslide | m/s | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.40 Erosion risk | m3/year | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.41 Total Predicted Soil Loss | t/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.42 Days with temperature >90th percentile (TX90p) | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.43 Warm spell duration index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.44 Heatwave incidence | No./y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.45 Human comfort: Universal thermal climate index | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.46 Human comfort: Physiological equivalent temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.47 Mean or peak daytime temperature – Predicted Mean Vote - Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.48 Urban Heat Island (UHI) incidence | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.49 Effective drought index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.50 Standardized Precipitation Index | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 6.51 Quantitative status of groundwater | Good or Poor | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.52 Trend in piezometric levels (TPL) | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.53 Groundwater exploitation index | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.54 Calculated drinking water provision | m3/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.55 Water Exploitation Index | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.56 Net surface water availability | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.57 Water availability for irrigation purposes | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.58 Avalanche Risk: Snow cover map | unitless | Structural indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Target 6.3
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Target 6.4
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Target 6.5
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
Target 6.6
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
Target 6.a
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
Target 6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 17.1 Openness of participatory processes | ||
| 17.1.1 Openness of participatory processes: proportion of citizens involved | % | Process focused |
| 17.2 Sense of empowerment: perceived control and influence over decision-making | Outcome-based indicators | |
| 17.3 Adoption of new forms of participatory governance: Public-private partnerships activated | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 17.4 Policy learning for mainstreaming NBS: Number of new policies instituted | No. | Structural indicators |
| 17.5 Trust in decision-making procedure and decision-makers | Number (1-5) | Outcome-based indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 18.1 Community involvement in planning | ||
| 18.1.1 Citizen involvement in co-creation/co-design of NBS | No. | Process focused |
| 18.1.2 Stakeholder involvement in co-creation/co-design of NBS | No. | Process focused |
| 18.2 Community involvement in implementation | Number (0-5) | Process focused |
| 18.3 Involvement of citizens from traditionally under-represented groups | Number (0-5) | Process focused |
| 18.4 Active engagement of citizens in decision-making | % | Process focused |
| 18.5 Consciousness of citizenship | Number (0-5) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 18.6 Number of governance innovations adopted | Number (0-5) | Structural indicators |
| 18.7 Adoption of new forms of NBS (co-)financing | Number (0-5) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 18.8 Development of a climate resilience strategy (extent) | Number (0-7) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 18.9 Alignment of climate resilience strategy with UNISDR-defined elements | Number (0-5) across 117 categories | Outcome-based indicators |
| 18.10 Adaptation of local plans and regulations to include NBS | Number (0-5) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 18.11 Perceived ease of governance of NBS | Number (0-5) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 18.12 Diversity of stakeholders involved | % | Process focused |
| 18.13 Transparency of co-production | Number (1-5) | Process focused |
| 18.14 Activation of public-private collaboration | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 18.15 Reflexivity: identified learning outcomes | No. | Process focused |
| 18.16 Facilitation skills for co-production | Number (1-5) | Process focused |
| 18.17 Procedural fairness | Number (1-5) | Process focused |
| 18.18 Strategic alignment | Number (1-5) | Process focused |
| 18.19 Reflexivity: time for reflection | No. | Process focused |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Target 6.3
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Target 6.4
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Target 6.5
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
Target 6.6
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
Target 6.a
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
Target 6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
Responsible Consumption and Production. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Target 12.8
By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
Indicator 12.8.1: Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development (including climate change education) are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life below water. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development
Target 14.c
Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want
Indicator 14.c.1: Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 21.1 Level of outdoor physical activity | Outcome-based indicators | |
| 21.2 Level of chronic stress (Perceived stress) | Number (0-4) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 21.3 General wellbeing and happiness | Number (0-7) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 21.4 Self-reported mental health and wellbeing | Number (1-6) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 21.5 Cardiovascular diseases (prevalence, incidence) | %, % per year | Outcome-based indicators |
| 21.6 Morbidity, mortality due to cardiovascular disease | No./y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 21.7 Quality of Life | Number (1-5) | Outcome-based indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 22.1 Self-reported physical activity | Minutes per week | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.2 Observed physical activity level within NBS | % over 3 levels of physical activity (sedentary, walking, or vigorous) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.3 Encouraging a healthy lifestyle | Number (1-5) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.4 Incidence of obesity | % per year | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.5 Heat-related discomfort: Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) | oC | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.6 Hospital admissions due to high temperature during extreme heat events | No. per 100 000 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.7 Heat-related mortality | No. per 1 000 000 per year | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.8 Exposure to noise pollution | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.9 Perceived chronic loneliness | Number (1-3) across 3 categories | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.10 Somatisation | Low, Moderately high, Very high | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.11 Mindfulness | Number (0-4) across 12 categories | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.12 Visual access to green space | Number (0-4) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.13 Time spent viewing green space from residence each day | Number (0-3) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.14 Perceived restorativeness of public green space/ NBS | Number (0-10) across 4 categories | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.15 Perceived social support | Number (0-4) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.16 Connectedness to nature | Number (1-5) across 14 categories | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.17 Prevalence of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.18 Exploratory behaviour in children | Outcome-based indicators | |
| 22.19 Self-reported anxiety | Mild, Moderate, Severe | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.20 Prevalence, incidence, morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases | %, %per year, No./y, No./y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.21 Morbidity, Mortality and Years of Life Lost due to poor air quality | No./y, No./y, No. of years | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.22 Prevalence and incidence of autoimmune diseases | %, % per year | Outcome-based indicators |
| 22.23 Prevalence, incidence and morbidity of chronic stress | %, % per year and No./y | Outcome-based indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Target 6.3
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Target 6.4
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Target 6.5
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
Target 6.6
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
Target 6.a
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
Target 6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
Responsible Consumption and Production. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Target 12.8
By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
Indicator 12.8.1: Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development (including climate change education) are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life below water. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development
Target 14.c
Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want
Indicator 14.c.1: Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Food, crops, wild foods and spices
- Water
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Erosion prevention
- Flood protection
- Maintaining populations and habitats
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Recreation
- Intellectual and aesthetic appreciation
Real case example of applied NBS
There are no available real case examples at the moment