Description
Mangroves, salt marsh vegetation and seagrasses constitute true flowering plants in marine and estuarine habitats. While seagrass beds are found in temperate and tropical latitudes, saltmarshes are restricted to sub-tropical and temperate regions. It is common to find two or three habitats (mangroves, seagrass beds and salt marshes) co-occurring, however separation between these habitats is attributed to differences in salinity and depth preferences and or tolerances .
Type of NBS
Better use of protected/natural ecosystems
Level
Protection and conservation strategies in terrestrial (e.g. Natura2000), marine (e.g. MPA), and coastal areas (e.g. mangroves) ecosystems
Approaches
- 1 Climate adaptation approaches
- 2 Ecosystem based mitigation
- 3 Ecosystem based disaster risk reduction
- 4 Ecological restoration
Challenges
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 5.13 Disaster Resilience | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 5.14 Disaster-risk informed development | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 5.15 Mean annual direct and indirect losses due to natural and climate hazards | € | Outcome-based indicators |
| 5.16 Risk to critical urban infrastructure | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 5.17 Mean number of people adversely affected by natural disasters each year | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 5.18 Multi-hazard early warning | unitless | Structural indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 6.13 Potential areas exposed to risks | ||
| 6.13.1 Urban/residential areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.13.2 Productive areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.14 Natural areas, sites of community importance and special protection areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15 Potential population exposed to risks | ||
| 6.15.1 Inhabitants | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15.2 Area and population exposed to flooding | ha and No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15.3 Other people (workers, tourists, homeless) | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.15.4 Elderly, children, disabled | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.16 Population Vulnerable to Risks | No/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.17 Potential buildings exposed to risks | ||
| 6.17.1 Housing | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.17.2 Agricultural and industrial buildings | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.17.3 Strategic Buildings (Hospitals, schools, etc.) | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.18 Potential infrastructures exposed to risks | ||
| 6.18.1 Roads | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.18.2 Railways | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.18.3 Lifelines | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.19 Potential infrastructures vulnerable to risks | ||
| 6.19.1 Buildings | Νο/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.19.2 Transportation infrastructures and lifelines | m/km2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.20 Insurance against catastrophic events | % | Process focused indicators |
| 6.21 Flood hazard | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.22 Flooded area | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.23 Height of flood peak and time to flood peak | m3/s and h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.24 Peak flow rate | m3/s and h | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.25 Peak flood volume | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.26 Flood excess volume | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.27 Moisture index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.28 Flammability index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.29 Soil Type | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 6.30 Soil strength | kPa | Structural indicators |
| 6.31 Soil temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.32 Level of Groundwater Table | m below ground surface | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.33 Shallow landslide risk – slope stability factor of safety | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.34 Landslide safety factor | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.35 Landslide risk – History of instability on site | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 6.36 Occurred landslide area | % | Structural indicators |
| 6.37 Landslide risk – Digital elevation/terrain modelling | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.38 Soil mass movement | kg/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.39 Velocity of occurred landslide | m/s | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.40 Erosion risk | m3/year | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.41 Total Predicted Soil Loss | t/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.42 Days with temperature >90th percentile (TX90p) | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.43 Warm spell duration index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.44 Heatwave incidence | No./y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.45 Human comfort: Universal thermal climate index | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.46 Human comfort: Physiological equivalent temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.47 Mean or peak daytime temperature – Predicted Mean Vote - Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.48 Urban Heat Island (UHI) incidence | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.49 Effective drought index | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.50 Standardized Precipitation Index | unitless | Structural indicators |
| 6.51 Quantitative status of groundwater | Good or Poor | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.52 Trend in piezometric levels (TPL) | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.53 Groundwater exploitation index | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.54 Calculated drinking water provision | m3/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.55 Water Exploitation Index | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.56 Net surface water availability | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.57 Water availability for irrigation purposes | m3/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 6.58 Avalanche Risk: Snow cover map | unitless | Structural indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Target 6.3
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Target 6.4
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Target 6.5
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
Target 6.6
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
Target 6.a
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
Target 6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 9.1 S tructural and functional connectivity of urban green and blue spaces | ||
| 9.1.1 Structural connectivity of green space | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.1.2 Functional connectivity of urban green and blue spaces | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.2 N umber of native species | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.3 Number of non-native species introduced | ||
| 9.3.1 Number of invasive alien species | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.4 Species diversity within defined area | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.5 Number of species within defined area | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 10.1 Proportion of natural areas within a defined urban zone | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.2 Area of habitats restored | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.3 Shannon Diversity Index of habitats | ||
| 10.3.1 Abundance of ecotones/Shannon diversity | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.4 Length of ecotones | km | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.5 Publicly accessible green space connectivity | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.6 Ecological integrity | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.7 Proportion of protected areas | ||
| 10.7.1 Sites of community importance and special protection areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.7.2 Article17 habitat richness | No./grid | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.8 Number of veteran trees per unit area | No./ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.9 Quantity of dead wood per unit area | m3/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.10 Forest habitat fragmentation – Effective Mesh Density | 1/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.11 Extent of habitat for native pollinator species | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.12 Polluted soils | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.13 Soil food web stability | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.14 Modelled C and N cycling in soil | t/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.15 Equivalent used soil | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.16 Number of conservation priority species | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.17 Article17 species richness | No./grid | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.18 Number of native bird species within a defied urban area | No./ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.19 Species diversity – general | ||
| 10.19.1 City Biodiversity Index | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.20 Bird species richness | No./grid | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.21 Animal species potentially at risk | No./ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.22 Typical vegetation species cover | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.23 Pollinator species presence | No./ha or % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.24 Biodiversity Conservation | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.25 Metagenomic mapping | ||
| 10.25.1 Abundance of functional groups | Number (unitless) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.25.2 Diversity of functional groups (plants) | Number (unitless) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.25.3 Diversity of functional groups (animals) | Number (unitless) | Outcome-based indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Target 6.3
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Target 6.4
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Target 6.5
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
Target 6.6
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
Target 6.a
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
Target 6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life below water. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development
Target 14.c
Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want
Indicator 14.c.1: Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Food, crops, wild foods and spices
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Flood protection
- Maintaining populations and habitats
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Recreation
- Intellectual and aesthetic appreciation
- Spiritual and symbolic appreciation
Real case example of applied NBS
There are no available real case examples at the moment