Description
As potential biodiversity islets, small forest patches (SFP) may deliver several crucial ecosystem services to human society, but they receive little attention compared to large, relatively intact forest patches. Beyond their role as a biodiversity reservoir, SFP provide important in situ services such as timber and wild food (game, edible plants and mushrooms) production.
Type of NBS
NBS for sustainability and multifunctionality of managed ecosystems
Level
Agricultural landscape management
Approaches
- 1 Climate adaptation approaches
- 2 Ecosystem based management
- 3 Ecosystem based mitigation
- 4 Sustainable agriculture/agro-forestry/aquaculture
Challenges
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1 Carbon removed or stored in vegetation and soil | kg/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.2 Avoided greenhouse gas emissions from reduced building energy consumption | t CO2e/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.3 TXx, Monthly mean value of daily maximum temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.4 TNn, Monthly mean value of daily minimum temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 1.5 Heatwave Incidence | No./y | Outcome-based indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 2.1 Carbon storage and sequestration in vegetation | ||
| 2.1.1 Carbon storage and sequestration in vegetation per unit area per unit time | kg/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.2 Carbon storage and sequestration in vegetation – annual determination | kg/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.3 Total Leaf Area | m2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.4 Carbon Storage Score | kg/day | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.5 Measured soil carbon content | ton/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.6 Modelled carbon content of the upper soil layer | ton/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.1.7 Soil carbon decomposition rate | % p.a. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.2 Energy use savings due to green infrastructure implementation | kWh/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.3 Estimated carbon emissions reduction from building energy saving - cooling | t CO2e/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.4 Energy and CO2 emissions savings from reduced volume of water entering sewers | t CO2e/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.5 Soil Temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.6 Total surface area of wetlands | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.7 Surface area of restored and/or created wetlands | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.8 Aboveground tree biomass | t/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9 Human Comfort | ||
| 2.9.1 Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9.2 Thermal Comfort Score (TCS) | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9.3 Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.9.4 Predicted Mean Vote-Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PMV-PPD) | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10 Urban Heat Island Effect | ||
| 2.10.1 Urban Heat Island (UHI) incidence | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10.2 Number of combined tropical nights and hot days | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10.3 Thermal Storage Score | J | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.10.4 Thermal Load Score | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.11 Estimated reduction in peak summer temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.12 Maximum surface cooling | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.13 Mean or peak daytime temperature | ||
| 2.13.1 Mean or peak daytime temperature - Direct temperature measurement | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.13.2 Mean or peak daytime temperature - Temperature modelling | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.14 Daily Temperature Range (DTR) | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.15 Cooling of ambient air | ||
| 2.15.1 Air cooling | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.15.2 Air temperature reduction | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.16 Tree shade for local heat reduction | m2 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.17 Rate of evapotranspiration | mm/day | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.18 Land surface temperature | °C | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.19 Surface reflectance - Albedo | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 2.20 Estimated carbon emissions from vehicle traffic | tC/y | Outcome-based indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Key Performance Indicators
| Recommended Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 9.1 S tructural and functional connectivity of urban green and blue spaces | ||
| 9.1.1 Structural connectivity of green space | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.1.2 Functional connectivity of urban green and blue spaces | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.2 N umber of native species | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.3 Number of non-native species introduced | ||
| 9.3.1 Number of invasive alien species | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.4 Species diversity within defined area | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| 9.5 Number of species within defined area | Number | Outcome-based indicators |
| Additional Indicators | Units | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 10.1 Proportion of natural areas within a defined urban zone | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.2 Area of habitats restored | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.3 Shannon Diversity Index of habitats | ||
| 10.3.1 Abundance of ecotones/Shannon diversity | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.4 Length of ecotones | km | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.5 Publicly accessible green space connectivity | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.6 Ecological integrity | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.7 Proportion of protected areas | ||
| 10.7.1 Sites of community importance and special protection areas | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.7.2 Article17 habitat richness | No./grid | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.8 Number of veteran trees per unit area | No./ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.9 Quantity of dead wood per unit area | m3/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.10 Forest habitat fragmentation – Effective Mesh Density | 1/ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.11 Extent of habitat for native pollinator species | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.12 Polluted soils | ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.13 Soil food web stability | unitless | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.14 Modelled C and N cycling in soil | t/ha/y | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.15 Equivalent used soil | m3 | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.16 Number of conservation priority species | No. | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.17 Article17 species richness | No./grid | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.18 Number of native bird species within a defied urban area | No./ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.19 Species diversity – general | ||
| 10.19.1 City Biodiversity Index | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.20 Bird species richness | No./grid | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.21 Animal species potentially at risk | No./ha | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.22 Typical vegetation species cover | % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.23 Pollinator species presence | No./ha or % | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.24 Biodiversity Conservation | various | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.25 Metagenomic mapping | ||
| 10.25.1 Abundance of functional groups | Number (unitless) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.25.2 Diversity of functional groups (plants) | Number (unitless) | Outcome-based indicators |
| 10.25.3 Diversity of functional groups (animals) | Number (unitless) | Outcome-based indicators |
Sustainable Development Goals
Zero hunger. End hunger, achieve security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Target 2.3
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment.
Indicator 2.3.1: Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size
Target 2.4
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
Indicator 2.4.1: Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
Target 2.a
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures
Clean water and sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
Target 6.3
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Target 6.4
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
Target 6.5
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
Indicator 6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0-100)
Indicator 6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
Target 6.6
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Indicator 6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time
Target 6.a
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Indicator 6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan
Target 6.b
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management
Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Target 13.3
Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Indicator 13.3.1: Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula
Indicator 13.3.2: Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
Target 13.b
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Life below water. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development
Target 14.c
Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want
Indicator 14.c.1: Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources
Life on land. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Target 15.2
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
Indicator 15.2.1: Progress towards sustainable forest management
Target 15.3
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
Indicator 15.3.1: Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
Target 15.5
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index
Target 15.9
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Indicator 15.9.1: Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Target 15.a
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
Indicator 15.a.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Target 15.b
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Indicator 15.b.1: Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Water
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Carbon sequestration
- Erosion prevention
- Flood protection
- Maintaining populations and habitats
- Crop pollination
Ecosystem Service Categories
- Recreation
- Intellectual and aesthetic appreciation
Real case example of applied NBS
There are no available real case examples at the moment